Comparison of US Supreme Court Decisions

Honest Abe essays

Honest Abe essays After reading the bookLincoln?, I can see exactly why Abraham Lincoln is known asHonest Abe?. Basically saying Lincoln was still your typical politician because he would still tend to beat around the bush on many touchy subjects, but always seems to get to the point and make his point very valid. It was said that Lincoln wrote a lot of his own speeches that he was known greatly for and, in fact, many listeners of Lincoln's speeches had to wait for him to warm up and it was at this time when he caught the spectator's spirits on fire. Another crucial fact is that Lincoln was a great lover of the works by Shakespeare and he even liked to useful portions of works such as Julius Caesar and Macbeth.We can not escape history. We of this congress and this administration, will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance, or insignificance can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation. ? Quoted Lincoln (Lincoln pg. xxiv). Lincoln was also known to be a devout Christian and he use words likeAlmighty? in his speeches. In Lincoln's letters to Mary S. Owens it seems as if he is writing letters to a woman named Mary of which he is courting or has a strong friendship with. In the letters he is telling Mary the happenings of Springfield, which is where he is at and is telling her that if she wants to come there then she can but says that she would not be satisfied because she would not be used to living in a back woods area like he is in. For example,I am often thinking about what we said of your coming to live at Springfield. I am afraid you would not be satisfied.? says Lincoln to Mary S. Owens (Lincoln pg. 10). I believe the only reason this is of any relevance is because it shows the humble starting point of Lincoln's political career. The next issue talked about inLincoln? is the speech and writing to Sangamo coun ...

Counterintelligence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counterintelligence - Case Study Example Nations vital information, infrastructure, military forces and a wide range of U.S. interests, technologies and personnel around the world can be put in jeopardy if the intelligence fails Counterintelligence agencies should review their operations to identify efforts by terrorists to penetrate or manipulate the United States. They should also assess how key foreign intelligence services advance or obstruct U.S. efforts to fight terrorism and counter those activities that are hostile. Each U.S. agency or department should devise computer-based counterintelligence against foreign-government and private-sector hackers. Moreover, counterspy agencies need to "act jointly to understand, confound, manipulate and thwart" intelligence threats, and "when necessary, they should disrupt these activities through arrest and expulsion. 5. The struggle against terrorism is multidimensional. This means that it has a wide scope and importance, and many factors influence the problem. What are the various dimensions of the problem of fighting

Discuss an issue in the news that has local, national or international Essay

Discuss an issue in the news that has local, national or international importance, and has importance to you - Essay Example Climate change is an issue that must be addressed sooner than soon. This paper is presented in support of all actions taken to curb climate change especially in the context of global warming. Elements of global warming and climate change dictate levels of sustainable development, agricultural production, economic growth and development as well current environmental welfare. These four factors are interrelated in the international context, thereby influencing the general welfare of the world. Sustainable development is entirely based on the environmental performance of any given country (Faucheux 17). It presents a scenario that accounts for the welfare of the current population as well as the generations to come. Sustainable development therefore links the present to the future. â€Å"The fundamental aspects of sustainable development cannot be refuted† (Faucheux 229). Meeting the current needs of the society has been challenged by the direction that environmental welfare has taken. On the same note, environmental degradation seems to exacerbate by the count of time. This process has given rise to the current trend of global warming, the main contributing element to climate change. The media through reporting and discussion of this issue has emphasized on the need to keep vigil about climate change trends in the world. Many forums have been held across the world in a bid to deliberate on the matters of climate change. This activity is not only aimed at making the national and internationals comfortable, knowing that climate change has been managed. Such purposes are pursued in the light of achieving some other set goals and objectives which are greatly influenced by these facts. Sustainable development is diverse and dynamic in the context of its analysis. It integrates social, political and economic factors in determining just how much it has been achieved. It therefore goes beyond the thought that

Comparing the Concepts of the Afterlife of Buddhism and Christianity Research Paper

Comparing the Concepts of the Afterlife of Buddhism and Christianity - Research Paper Example This article stresses that just like in Christianity, there are variations in Buddhism on the views of what occurs after death. However, Buddhists universally believe in the cycle of death and rebirth and the existence of Nirvana. In Nirvana, there is no survival of the subjective experience or existence of the individual. The desire for identity and permanence according to the Supreme Buddha (Gautama Buddha) encompasses the suffering nature of the embodied life. For Buddhists, there is no permanent essence that lives after death. There is no soul. However, emotions, physical phenomena, sensory perceptions, consciousness and responses to sensory perceptions may exist though not in the form of the immortal soul. These elements, however, are dissolved upon the attainment of Nirvana. Theravada and Mahayana are the two major schools of Buddhism. These two schools demonstrate the difference in Buddhist views of the afterlife in the reincarnation. This paper makes a conclusion that different from the teachings of Gautama Buddha, the Mahayana school of thought professes the existence of a new land. The concept of the existence of the pure land describes the existence of material decorations in the Field of Buddha (Nirvana) of jewels. The latter approach conforms to the Heaven descriptions in the Christian faith. But, the soul is the form of the body.

Administrate Procedure within the Childcare Settings

Administrate Procedure within the Childcare Settings There are 8 principals principles of the Data Protection Act 1998 these can range from accurate of personal data to personal data being processed in accordance with the rights of data protection act. This question will look at four of the main principals. personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.( This fourth principal of the data protection act is about keeping up to date with personal information and the accuracy of it. When implementing this principal into everyday business it is not always the easiest thing to do. However this principal of the act would help employers to help employer to store information as accurately as possible. When adopting this principal within a child care setting accuracy plays a big part for example, much of the information recorded by the child care provider may be required by HMRC to claim benefits for children in their care by parents. This information is needed by the parent in order for them to provide information to receive the correct amount of benefits. HMRC will calculate how much money can be provided to assist parent to receive care for their children. Not only is this information beneficial to parents but is beneficial for the child care provider this will help the m to calculate business tax. If the child care provider is self employed and is working on a private basis, this information would be useful to complete self assessment tax return. Child minders, are encouraged to complete accounts which detail every financial transaction that is made. Good point. Accuracy is also important to ensure the children are kept safe. Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purpose. (This principle contains commonly asked guidance as to how long data should be kept for before it is destroyed. The act is not specific about the length of time data should be held for, but gives guidance on good practice so that organisations are better informed to write their own policies. A child care setting must be aware of this principal and comply by making sure that records are kept only for its purpose and no longer than deemed. Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes.( A child care provider should be specific about the reasons fir requiring the information to be gathered, and what they are going to use it for. If, after collection the data, it is decided to use the information for another purposes, consideration, should, be given as to whether this is fair to the individual. if you wish to use data for an additional purpose, further consents should be obtaining from the individual and securely held. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes or purposes for which they are processed.( Childcare providers must ensure that they uphold this principal by ensuring that all data stored on individual i.e. staff, parents, children is relevant to serve its purpose. For example the provider should not hold information on individuals where not deemed necessary for business or other purposes. Evaluate the need for accurate, legible and up to date record keeping, and indentify the consequences for non-compliance. An integral part of a successful child care setting is its administration department. Administration and records should be kept in a logical and protected manner and should be clear and formatted and easy to understand. In regards to a child care setting there will be several different types of information which will be needed and stored. The main purpose of the child care provision is the safe guarding of children. Sometimes this information would need to be accessed by outside agencies. As mentioned above accuracy plays a big part in the data protection act and also in the running of a successful child care setting. Not only does accurate information help parents to provide information to HMRC to receive benefits but also, to aid the business in tax and other financial responsibilities. if this information was not accurate and precise parents claiming benefits could receive the wrong amount of money to receive childcare and also the business could be affected by wrong taxable incom e. Health and safety records must also be accurate and precise when considering a child care environment. For example the listing of medication and allergies of children is integral if this information is correctly and accurately documented staff and other members would be aware of the Childs need. The correct dosage of medication would be administered and allergies to certain products could be avoided. If this information was incorrect and not documented children could fall ill and be put in a medical dangerous position. All special requirements regarding children should be adhered to at all levels avoiding mistakes and inaccuracy. legible records are essential from a safety perspective. Scruffy or illegible writing is dangerous, particularly if the information is written on a medical or child information record, and is not clear. Legibility is also important from a financial perspective, to ensure that correct information is submitted to the HMRC for tax purposes. In a child care setting where there is more than one worker or staff member it is vital that all recorded information is legible and accurate. This is to avoid mistakes and ensure that children information is documented in a clear manner, for example child journals and where food and medication are documented. If this information was not legible it would increase the risk of safety of children being breached and could result in accidents such as a child receiving a double dosage of medication. There are some general rules of some that should be considered concerning legible information: Where possible, Information should be recorded in black ink. It is considered that black ink is more legible, and is clearer to read if it is photocopied. Handwriting should be legible. Changes to documentation, such as the child medication form, should be signed and dated. it is good practice not to use white correction fluid when amending records as they should be transparent according to the Data Protection Act, and not covered up with a physical barrier. Mistakes should be crossed through with a line so that they still. Up-to-date information is particularly important with regard to medication changes, food requirements and particular needs that a child may have. Having up to date contact information is highly important, for example if in case of an emergency of a child not being able to contact parents due to mobile numbers being not in use is the worst case scenario. Explain the different ways of recording digital and paper records in the child care setting. Digital data can be a very unpredictable way of storing data as computers are unpredictable. Adequate methods should be adopted when using digital record keeping this is to ensure in case of computer malfunction digital records could be safe guarded to ensure that filed can be retrieved from the system. There are several methods available for doing this. Save on to portable hard drive Backing up data on a regular basis All portable hard drives should be stored safely and securely The data is stored on the computer should be protected by a password. When you switch a computer on, the settings allow a desktop password to be employed. This should be used so that if the laptop is ever stolen, the data contained within it will be safe. If the use of desktops is permitted for children within the childcare setting it is beneficial to have a separate pc which allows them to do this separate from pc holding records and personal information. This prohibits children from accessing personal data or information which is private and confidential and reducing the risk of deleting files and records. This simple rule will also ensure confidential to data stored in the PC. Paper records in some respects require a different type of storage to digital media. Paper records are general more accessible and so should be stored safely and securely depending of the type of information that is recorded. For example records which contain information regarding a child's medication or special requirements should be easily accessible. However such information regarding financial information of staff payments etc should be stored in a locked cupboard. Where paper records are concerned safe storage should be considered especially to avoided and damp area as this would destroy the information recorded and stored. If keeping paper records as opposed to digital records the child care provider should consider storing records and documentation in a lock filing cabinet. this will ensure that they are in their own dedicated area and having an added security feature. If working in a home child cares getting it would be advantageous to purchase a filing cabinet which wou ld resemble furniture. There are two main types of primary data storage, one being digital and the other being paper. There are many ways in which digital records can be stored and secured such as: Laptops USB Portable Hard drives PDA Mobile Phones All these devices can be a useful tool to store information in a business child care setting. However many of these if not all are susceptible to theft. Many of these devices can be password locked which is a useful tool as it prevents people who should not have access from accessing personal data, Records and files which are stored using a digital format could be backed up and secured within the device and multiple storage devices could be obtained. With the sue of password and pin this acts a good security feature. However paper records would not have the same benefits. Storing of paper records could be bulky and unsecure if not locked away in a secure filing cabinet or cupboard, data could be easily accessible. Not only is the security of paper records not as efficient as digital records but also be inefficient in backing up. For example with a digital device a small USB stick would hold many record and files, however, if multiple copies of records are needed when using paper format this would result in many pages needing large amount of storage space. Another thing to consider regarding paper records is damage/ Paper records could easily be destroyed in fires and water damage, which would result in a lot of work in order to retrieve the files. Whereas if you using a digital method of storage this could be easily done with minimum destruction and effort. If working in a child care setting this is useful to record and maintain a file and personal data in a digital format. This would be easier, more secure and easy to back up.

Modern Love :: essays research papers

The handsome prince sweeps the beautiful maiden off her feet. They are so in love, so adoring of each other. The perfect courtship is quickly followed by the perfect wedding, thereupon the perfect couple creates the perfect life together. The wondrous dream of the â€Å"happily ever after† is one hidden deep in everyone. Although, the dreamy, vain quest for this perfect life mostly results in pretense, lying, and ceases in complete unhappiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In George Meredith’s poem from Modern Love, the speaker conveys a kind of love that is very grim. Both characters long to escape their dark marriage. It seems their life together has regretfully been empty and full of pretense. That is shown in the beginning of the poem, when she does not want him to know she is crying, â€Å"At his hand’s light quiver to her head the strange low sobs...were called into her with sharp surprise.† (Line 2-4). She seems to keep on with her happy show even when they are alone, though both of them know it is fictitious. They long for this tortuous relationship to end, and they see death as the only conclusion to their turmoil, â€Å"Each wishing for the sword that severs all.† (Line 16). Although death is hardly the best solution to a problem, the woman in this poem sees it as an alternative and an escape to the lie she is living. Both of them, in desperation, accept the loss of their life and their world. H iding their feelings and ignoring their problems only brought them unhappiness. It appears that the speaker is saying that modern love is really no love at all, but an act that one puts on so that their world can appear happy, while those who are â€Å"in love† are dying inside.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any love relationship has its downfalls and complications, but to be healthy, it must be honest.

The Rise and “Fall” of Xerox Organization

In 1960 the Xerox Corporation was in a position where it could corner the copy machine industry for the next 15 years. Xerox had practically invented the copy machine, and had secured its dominate stake in the copy machine industry with patents. However, this security backfired on Xerox because it didn't allow them to focus on new product development. During this period, their research and development goals diminished, and the quality of their products remained the same if not worsened. The strategy Xerox had remained stagnant. Xerox found itself in the mid 1970's with a loss in profit, market share, and competitive stance. By effective supply chain management, Xerox would be able to revamp its structure. In order to confront new competitors such as Ricoh and Canon, Xerox was going to have to make major changes within its organization. First, Xerox management sought to simplify the purchasing process. By consolidating its supply base, it was able to reduce overhead, pass lower costs onto customers, improve quality of its products, and work better with suppliers. Next, the â€Å"commodity teams† were designated to reduce defect parts per million through a five step program it developed. Thirdly, internal restructuring brought about the â€Å"circle groups† which resulted in a new system of competitive benchmarking and customized products. Finally, with a new research and development approach Xerox was able to delve into new product development, bringing them brand recognition. And, with a new â€Å"central logistics and asset management† program the company was able to reduce excessive inventory and related costs.  · Determine how Xerox's strategies transformed from the late 1970's to the 1980's.  · Determine how the change in strategies and organization allowed Xerox to be competitive.  · Identify the source of guidance it received for its restructuring , and what this revealed about the advantages of a multinational firm.  · Determine how taking a global perspective make it more competitive in the global marketplace.  · Evaluate the role of global manufacturing, materials management, and R & D in better performance in the 1980's. Once Xerox found themselves in a poor competitive position in the mid to late 1970s, they were forced to make general changes in strategy and structure or organization. In the late 70s, the copier environment consisted of just a couple of competitors with a rapidly declining market share. Xerox's new strategy was segmentation-to keep their three main legs (Fuji, Rank, and Xerox) as separate entities. Therefore, structural and organizational areas were decentralized. In the 1980s, the copier environment consisted of even more competitors who had superior products at lower prices. The market was more hostile, and if Xerox didn't make a significant change in its strategies, they would lose the battle. At this stage, Xerox's strategy was aimed at streamlining supply ties and reduce production costs by improving the supply chain. Bringing together the three entities was the new centralized approach for structure and organization. Moreover, by using Fuji-Xerox as a guide to restructure, Xerox benefited by having various cultural organizations to choose from and achieving global learning. In addition, by taking on a singular identity rather than a three leg multinational, Xerox was able to capitalize on location economies in relation to the product life cycle. Therefore, both Xerox and the local suppliers were able to achieve economies of scale. Also, a global perspective resulted in more uniform products. In regards to performance, restructuring global manufacturing allowed them to deal with suppliers more effectively and to get one or a few suppliers for one global product. Effective materials management helped Xerox gain closer supplier and customer ties, which in turn reduced inventory costs. By staying in sync with customer demands and needs, Xerox's R & D division was able to come out with customized product lines, which in turn gave Xerox a first mover advantage and resulted in a stronger competitive position. Finally, the internal restructuring regarding the â€Å"quality circles† involved all areas of the company. With an encompassing implementation of the Leadership Through Quality groups, Business Area Work Group, and â€Å"Quality of WorkLife† Circles, Xerox increased in performance. By allowing workers to find quality shortfalls and generate ideas about problems, these programs allowed them to find better solutions to those problems, for example, via the process of competitive benchmarking. Our team consensus is that Xerox shouldn't have relied solely on their patents and previous technological know-how to maintain their large market share. Because of this reliance, Xerox paid less attention to quality and new product development. If they would have focused on developing newer, higher quality products, their market share would have remained the same or better once the patents expired. They should have foreseen the expiration of the patents, and been better prepared with a stronger product line and global strategy to confront the competitive market in which they were going to enter in the 1970s. The competitive benchmarking allowed them to integrate the most efficient practices of other global companies. This integration, as well as the efficient supply chain management and emphasis on quality, was a smart move which enabled Xerox an efficient structure for years to come.

Hawain Punch Essays

Hawain Punch Essays Hawain Punch Essay Hawain Punch Essay Case Study: Hawaiian Punch How would you characterize the U. S fruit juice and juice drink category? The U. S. fruit juice and juice drink constitutes of 4. 7 of the total 185. 5 gallon of beverage consumed annually. These corporates four distinct varieties of fruit juice and juice drinks; 100% juices which may be either be 100% made from fruits or 100% made from concentrates. 100% juices form the largest share market with its share capital comprising of 54. 9% of the total fruit drink and juice drink; the other is nectars which comprises of from 25% to 99% fruit juices and is manufactured from concentrated juices or fruit pulps. Nectar accounts for 6. 1% of the total fruit juice and juice drink market; juice drinks that comprise of up to 25% juice and; fruit-flavored drinks which contains no juice content. Fruit-flavored drinks are the lowest ranked in terms of market share in the fruit juice and juice drink market with 5. 3% of the total share. How would you characterize the competitive position of Hawaiian Punch? Hawaiian Punch faces seven major competitors in the fruit juices and juices drink categories, the PepsiCo, Coca-Cola Company, Kraft Food, Sunny Delight, Cadbury Schweppes, and Welch. Of all its competitors, Hawaiian Punch is a strong competitor forming 55% of the total sales. This ranks Hawaiian Punch as the top ranked consumer fruit punch drink in the United States economy. Consumers also have confidence in Hawaiian Punch as the product has established a strong market base with a reputation of 70 years in the market. Hawaiian Punch due to its long history has 94% consumer awareness of the product. To keep up with the competition, competitors employ innovation methods as introducing new flavors, repackaging and advertising. : Advertising has formed the main focus for competitors with spending on average 24 cents on every case sold on advertising. Competitors also apply persuasive methods as portraying the benefits of their products to personal health. Does Hawaiian Punch buyer behavior differ between the juice/juice drink aisle and the soft drink aisle in supermarkets and other retail outlets? The behavior of Hawaiian Punch differs between juice drink aisle and soft drink aisle in supermarkets and retail outlets. Supermarkets form the largest vendors of fruit and fruit juices. Supermarkets alone constitute of over 53. % of the total sold. The rest is divided among trade sales as restaurant and schools constituting of 18. 5%; Convenience stores 10. 6%, Discounters 9. 5%, Independent food retailers 5. 8% and the rest is sold in vending machines consisting of 0. 2%. 20 percent of Hawaiian punch juice aisle buyers and 34 percent of hawaiian punch soft drink aisle buyers shop both supermarket aisles, second bo th supermarket aisles attract Hawaiian punch buyers from households with children under 18 years old. The juice aisle was shopped more by households with children in the â€Å"under 6† to 12 year old age group. The soft drink aisle was more popular among the households with children in the 6 to 17 year old age range and skewed toward households with teens. How do the Finished Goods and Direct-Store Delivery Networks differ from each other? Finished goods will refer to good to a good that is ready for consumption. In reference to Hawaiian Punch, the finished product will refer to the commodity that is packaged a ready for the market. Cadbury Schweppes American Beverages will employ the necessary ingredients in the manufacture of the Hawaiian Punch. The manufactured Hawaiian Punch will be packaged in one of the three companies that Cadbury Schweppes owns. The company manufactures seven different flavors; Lemonade, Green Berry Rush, Orange Ocean, Grape Geyser, Berry Blue Typhoon, Fruit Juicy Red and Strawberry Surfin’. The packaged Hawaiian Punch will form the finished product. Direct-Store Delivery is processes where by Cadbury Schweppes will sell Hawaiian Punch in concentrate form to licensed bottlers. Seven Up bottlers, Coca-Cola bottles and Pepsi-Cola examples of licensed Hawaiian Punch bottlers. The licensed bottlers will in turn combine the concentrate with water and sweeteners. The product is then packed in either cans or bottles and sold to retailers. Mazin’Melon mix, Wild purple smash, Bodacious Berry, Green Berry Rush and Fruit juicy Red are example of flavors that Hawaiian Punch markets through this method. What is the relative impact of each on Hawaiian Punchs sales and contributions? The performance of Hawaiian Punch is impressive. Hawaiian Punch has registered a 7% annual increment in sales from when it was bought by Cadbury Schweppes. Also the Hawaiian Punch Light has registered an impressive performance as consumers who are sensitive of their health are included. Bottlers and retailers believe that Hawaiian Punch has the ability to grow if such strategies are employed as new inventive methods of customer attraction. Looking forward to the 2005 Hawaiian Punch business and marketing planning. What recommendations would you make concerning positioning, innovation and allowances and advertising given your assessment of the two manufacturing, sales and delivery networks? Hawaiian Punch should change its prospect on advertisement. Including Punchy mascot in their advertisement of their products will establish a strong product influence. Punchy mascot is an established trade mark that consumers of Hawaiian punch establish themselves with, excluding it from the product advertisement may affect outcome. The inclusion of a variety of flavors may be essential in the increasing of sales in the company. Consumers will benefit from a variety of options available at their disposal. If Hawaiian Punch considers the inclusion of a new flavor in the market, the outcome may be favorable as the company may register new customers who are attracted to the new brand. Advertisements are important in attracting of new customers and keeping the available ones. Advertisement may also be effective in points where increase in sale is required or where the company wants to establish a new product in the market. Hawaiian Punch may consider using advertisement as an option as it considers the introduction of the mango flavor in the market.

Discourse Analysis of Journal Article Essay Example

Discourse Analysis of Journal Article Essay Example Discourse Analysis of Journal Article Essay Discourse Analysis of Journal Article Essay DISCOURSE AND GENRE: THE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND PATTERN OF JOURNAL ARTICLE IN CONAPLIN 6 I. INTRODUCTION The demand for scholars to publish journal-article is increased due to the need to develop education quality in Indonesia. In the era knowledge and globalization, the ability to write scientifically becomes very important. Therefore, the fact that the number of research papers emanating from universities in Indonesia is just a seventh of the total published by neighbouring Malaysia has indicates the lack of writing ability of scholars (Nurdiani, 2013). This phenomena results in the implementation of graduation policy in Indonesia. In 2012, Indonesia’s Ministry of Education and Culture has determined to require all university students to publish papers in academic journals as a condition for graduation. However, since from the beginning the students are more exposed toward undergraduate thesis writing rather than journal article, students might find it difficult to make o ne, let alone to publish it in particular prestigious journals. Summers (2001: 405-406) lists four main reasons why articles are rejected by leading academic journals: 1. The research does not make a sufficient contribution toward a specific discipline; 2. The literature review is not well developed; 3. The methodology is flawed; and 4. The article is not structured properly. Compared to undergraduate thesis which has the fixed structure, journal article might vary in terms of organization of the paper. Kotze (2007) provides the typical structure of an academic article reporting the findings of a quantitative study. The detailed of structure can be seen below. TitleAbstractKeywordsIntroductionLiterature Review (Alternatively: Background, conceptual development or conceptual framework)Methods (Alternatively: Methodology) * Sampling 1. Target population and research context 2. sampling 3. respondent profile * Data collection 1. Data collection

REFELCTIVE ANALYSIS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Essay

REFELCTIVE ANALYSIS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Following Gibbs’ (1988) model of reflection, I shall establish the integration between theory and practice. This model identified six stages involved in reflective practice where at each stage the I would ask myself a number of questions leading to the final stage of an action plan. It begins with selecting a critical incident to reflect upon followed by keen observing and describing of the incident, then analyzing my experience. This is followed by interpreting the experience and exploring alternatives leading up to an action plan. This is is a cyclical process which enables continual retrospective reflection. II. Reflective Practice Reflective practice has been a key underpinning of qualified nurses since the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) (1992) required them to keep a professional portfolio. As professionals, we are accountable for our ongoing learning and self development, providing the best care to our patients. To ensure this, we need to focus on our actions and skills to be able to meet the demands of patients, colleagues and professional bodies. In order to be reflective practitioners, we need to be reflective thinkers. â€Å"Reflective thinking is thinking that is aware of its own assumptions and implications as well as being conscious of the reasons and evidence that support the conclusion† (Lipman, 2003, p.26). John Dewey defined reflective thinking as â€Å"an active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it tends† (cited in Martin, 1995, p.167). Reflective thinking leads one to be more self-aware so he can develop new knowledge about professional practice. Reflective practice has been recognised to be an important tool for professional development. Rowls and Swick (2000) agree and observed that practitioners who regularly reflected enabled them to develop t heir skills and the way they deal with patients. Schunk and Zimmerman (1998) describe how a self- reflective practice allows us to monitor, evaluate and adjust our performance during learning. Adjusting strategies based on assessment on our learning helps to achieve the goal of learning and identifying the activities well suited to our situations (Schunk & Zimmerman, 1998). However, practitioners often found the process quite time consuming and there was a greater fear of becoming introspective or being critical of oneself too much in practice. It is likely that one can be too engrossed in his reflection that he gets to neglect the delivery of a great work performance. Schon’s theory outlines two different types of reflection that occur at different time phases: reflection on action (Schon 1983) and reflection in action (Schon 1983). ‘Reflection in action’ is often referred to the colloquial phrase as ‘thinking on your feet’ a term used to being able to assess ourselves within a situation, making appropriate changes and still keeping a steady flow in the process. Reflection on action is when reflection occurs after the event. This is where the practitioner makes a deliberate and conscious attempt to act and reflect upon a situation and how it should be handled in the future (Loughran 1996). This means while performing a professional

Nursing- breast cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Nursing- breast cancer - Essay Example Table 1 represent estimated breast cancer cases and deaths worldwide (see appendix). About three fourths of all women with cancer cases will be diagnosed invasive breast cancer (Stages I-IV). The chance of developing invasive breast cancer during a womans lifetime is approximately 1 in 7 (13.4%). Another one fourth will be diagnosed with in situ breast cancer, a very early form of the disease. Though much less common, breast cancer also occurs in men /National Breast Cancer Centre, 2005/. The incidence rate of breast cancer (number of new breast cancers per 100,000 women) increased by approximately 4% during the 1980s but levelled off a bit in the 1990s /National Breast Cancer Centre, 2005/.The death rates from breast cancer also declined significantly between 1992 and 1996, with the largest decreases among younger women. Medical experts impute the decline in breast cancer deaths to earlier detection and more efficient treatments. Let’s investigate and sum up the causes of breast cancer. Although, there are a number of researches devoted to the causes of this severe disease and the ways of reducing its chances, it’s obvious that we still can’t prevent it. However, these researches worked out the list of factors that affect our health and may cause the development of the breast cancer. All these factors belong either to â€Å"external† or â€Å"internal† environments /Breast Health, 2006/. â€Å"Internal environment† includes a number of things inside our bodies that influence our health, for example, genetics, hormones, illnesses, and feelings and thoughts. â€Å"External environment† relates to the things of the outer world that influence people’s health, such as air, water, food, danger, noise, people, and stress. Some of the above mentioned factors, such as genetic makeup and the medicines taken, have a very direct effect on the breast health. The impact of other, indirect factors, such as